How to Back Up an Oracle Schema with exp and expdp

How to take backup of a oracle schema
You can use Export/Import OR Data pump.
For export(this command can be used to generate a backup file on the client machine)
exp user/password@database owner=user file=datafile.dmp log=logfile.log
where
database=db entry from tnsnames.ora,user=user-id to connect with,
password=password of the user connected with, 
owner=schema which needs to be exported,
more options can be expplored by
exp help=y

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Oracle: How to Prioritise Invalid Objects in a Schema

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