Customising the GRUB Boot Menu: Modern Notes
Modern notes on customising the GRUB 2 boot menu, themes, /etc/default/grub, and safely regenerating bootloader configuration.
dos2unix — Convert Windows Text Files to Unix Format
dos2unix converts text files from Windows line endings to Unix/Linux line endings. This is useful when shell scripts edited on Windows fail with strange errors. Convert a file After converting, make sure the script has execute permission if you want to run it directly. Check file type If the file shows CRLF line terminators, dos2unix … Read more
Linux Hardware Information: Modern Commands
Modern Linux commands for inspecting PCI, USB, storage, CPU, firmware, and driver information.
Fix ‘Target Is Busy’ When Unmounting in Linux
The message target is busy means some process still has a file, directory, or working directory open on the filesystem you are trying to unmount. Common causes A terminal is currently inside the mount point. A file manager has the directory open. An editor or media player still has a file open. A background process … Read more
Find Files in Linux with find and locate
Linux has two common ways to search for files: find, which searches the filesystem directly, and locate, which searches a prebuilt filename database. Use find for current results find /path -name ‘filename’ find /path -iname ‘*.log’ find reflects the current filesystem state and supports filters for type, size, owner, modification time, permissions, and more. Use … Read more
Samba File Sharing on Linux: Modern Setup Overview
A modern Samba file-sharing overview covering smb.conf, testparm, users, firewalling, and why legacy SMB1 settings should be avoided.
Linux Command-Line Help: man, help, whatis and apropos
When you forget a command’s syntax or want to discover the right tool, Linux already includes several built-in help systems. man man command Use man for the full manual page. Inside the viewer, press / to search, n for the next match, and q to quit. –help and shell help command –help help cd –help … Read more
Install Linux Software from Source Code
Installing software from source is useful when a package is unavailable, you need a newer version, or you are testing a specific build. For normal systems, prefer your distribution’s package manager when possible because it handles updates, dependencies, and removal more cleanly. Typical workflow Install the compiler and required development libraries. Download the source from … Read more
Useful Linux Networking Commands
Modern Linux networking work is usually built around the ip, ss, ping, traceroute, and DNS lookup tools. Older commands such as ifconfig, route, and netstat may still be available but are no longer the preferred defaults on many distributions. Interfaces and addresses ip addr ip link Routing ip route Listening sockets ss -tulpn Connectivity and … Read more
Introduction to Linux: Practical Basics
Linux is a Unix-like operating system used on servers, desktops, cloud platforms, embedded systems, and development environments. The quickest way to become comfortable with it is to learn the filesystem, shell, permissions, processes, packages, and networking basics. Start with the shell pwd ls -la cd /path cp source destination mv old new rm file Understand … Read more